**Question 1**
**(a)** What classes do specimens A - D belong to? [2 Marks]
**(b)**
i. Give **FOUR** economic importance of specimen A. [2 Marks]
ii. Give **TWO** parasitic adaptations for specimen D. [2 Marks]
**(c)** List **TWO** diseases of specimen F. [1 Mark]
**(d)** A and B are different experimental set-ups using plants
*(Diagram of Set-up A and Set-up B shown — Set-up A shows a potted plant with KOH; Set-up B shows a destarched plant with a black paper strip on a leaf in a pot)*
i. Give appropriate titles for the set-ups A and B. [1 Mark]
ii. State the essence of the use of KOH in A and black paper strip in B. [1 Mark]
iii. Sketch the possible outcome of the leaf with black paper strip at the end of the experiment and state the inference. [1 Mark]
---
**Question 2**
Study carefully specimens P, Q, R and S.
**(a)** What type of fruits are specimens P, Q, R and S? [2 Marks]
**(b)** Make a well labeled diagram 8 – 12cm long of a longitudinal section of specimen S. [4 Marks]
**(c)** State **TWO** differences between specimens S and P. [2 Marks]
**(d)** State **TWO** reasons why specimen Q is a fruit. [2 Marks]
#Solutions
# QUESTION 1
## (a) Classes of Specimens A–D
Specimens A–D typically in this context are:
- **Specimen A** – *Mangifera indica* (Mango) → Class **Dicotyledonae**
- **Specimen B** – Likely a fern → Class **Filicopsida**
- **Specimen C** – Likely a moss → Class **Musci (Bryopsida)**
- **Specimen D** – Likely *Cuscuta* (Dodder) → Class **Dicotyledonae**
## (b)(i) FOUR Economic Importance of Specimen A (Mango)
1. The fruit is eaten as **food**, providing vitamins and nutrients
2. The wood is used as **timber** for furniture and fuel
3. The leaves and bark are used in **traditional medicine**
4. It is a source of **income/revenue** through commercial sale of fruits
## (b)(ii) TWO Parasitic Adaptations of Specimen D (Cuscuta/Dodder)
1. It possesses **haustoria** — specialized root-like structures that penetrate the host plant's tissue to absorb water and nutrients
2. It has **reduced/absent leaves and chlorophyll**, making it entirely dependent on the host for organic food (heterotrophic)
---
## (c) TWO Diseases of Specimen F
*(Specimen F is typically a Tomato plant in WAEC/JUPEB practicals)*
1. **Tomato mosaic virus** (ToMV)
2. **Fusarium wilt** *(caused by Fusarium oxysporum)*
---
## (d)(i) Appropriate Titles for Set-ups A and B
- **Set-up A:** *Experiment to investigate/demonstrate that carbon dioxide (CO₂) is necessary for photosynthesis*
- **Set-up B:** *Experiment to investigate/demonstrate that light is necessary for photosynthesis*
---
## (d)(ii) Essence of KOH in A and Black Paper Strip in B
- **KOH in Set-up A:** Potassium hydroxide absorbs all carbon dioxide from the air surrounding the plant, creating a CO₂-free environment. This ensures the only variable being tested is the presence or absence of CO₂ for photosynthesis.
- **Black paper strip in Set-up B:** It blocks light from reaching a section of the leaf, ensuring that particular area receives no light while the rest of the leaf is exposed to light — to test whether light is required for photosynthesis.
---
## (d)(iii) Sketch & Inference
**Sketch of leaf after iodine test:**
```
[GREEN/YELLOW] | [DARK BLUE-BLACK]
(covered area) | (exposed area)
```
- The area **covered** by the black paper strip remains **yellow/brown** (no starch)
- The area **exposed** to light turns **blue-black** (starch present)
**Inference:**
Light is essential for photosynthesis. The covered portion could not photosynthesize (no starch formed), while the exposed portion photosynthesized and produced starch, confirming that **light is a necessary condition for photosynthesis**.
---
---
# QUESTION 2
## (a) Types of Fruits — Specimens P, Q, R and S
*(Standard WAEC practical specimens)*
| Specimen | Fruit | Type |
|----------|-------|------|
| P | Orange | **Hesperidium** (a berry) |
| Q | Tomato | **Berry** |
| R | Mango | **Drupe** (fleshy/indehiscent) |
| S | Pride of Barbados / Flamboyant pod | **Legume/Pod** (dry dehiscent) |
---
## (b) Well-Labeled Diagram of Longitudinal Section of Specimen S (Pod/Legume)
```
___________________________
| |
Seed→ ● ● ● ● ● |
|___________________________|
↑ ↑
Suture Pericarp (fruit wall)
↑
Stalk (Pedicel)
```
**Labels to include:**
- Pericarp (fruit wall)
- Seed(s)
- Funicle (stalk attaching seed to wall)
- Dorsal suture
- Ventral suture
- Pedicel (stalk)
- Placenta
*(Draw this 8–12 cm long, neat and fully labeled in your answer booklet)*
---
## (c) TWO Differences Between Specimens S (Pod) and P (Orange)
| Feature | Specimen S (Pod/Legume) | Specimen P (Orange/Hesperidium) |
|--------|--------------------------|----------------------------------|
| **Texture** | Dry fruit wall (pericarp) | Fleshy, juicy fruit wall |
| **Dehiscence** | Dehiscent — splits open at maturity to release seeds | Indehiscent — does not split open at maturity |
---
## (d) TWO Reasons Why Specimen Q (Tomato) is a Fruit
1. It **developed from the fertilized ovary** of a flower after fertilization — the true botanical definition of a fruit
2. It **contains seeds** inside it, which are the fertilized ovules — a defining characteristic of fruits.